## Regression models of placement outcomes
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching packages ─────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.1 ──
## ✔ ggplot2 3.3.5 ✔ purrr 0.3.4
## ✔ tibble 3.1.5 ✔ dplyr 1.0.7
## ✔ tidyr 1.1.4 ✔ stringr 1.4.0
## ✔ readr 2.0.1 ✔ forcats 0.5.1
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
library(tidylog)
##
## Attaching package: 'tidylog'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:dplyr':
##
## add_count, add_tally, anti_join, count, distinct, distinct_all,
## distinct_at, distinct_if, filter, filter_all, filter_at, filter_if,
## full_join, group_by, group_by_all, group_by_at, group_by_if,
## inner_join, left_join, mutate, mutate_all, mutate_at, mutate_if,
## relocate, rename, rename_all, rename_at, rename_if, rename_with,
## right_join, sample_frac, sample_n, select, select_all, select_at,
## select_if, semi_join, slice, slice_head, slice_max, slice_min,
## slice_sample, slice_tail, summarise, summarise_all, summarise_at,
## summarise_if, summarize, summarize_all, summarize_at, summarize_if,
## tally, top_frac, top_n, transmute, transmute_all, transmute_at,
## transmute_if, ungroup
## The following objects are masked from 'package:tidyr':
##
## drop_na, fill, gather, pivot_longer, pivot_wider, replace_na,
## spread, uncount
## The following object is masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter
library(readxl)
library(cowplot)
library(broom)
library(forcats)
library(rstanarm)
## Loading required package: Rcpp
## This is rstanarm version 2.21.1
## - See https://mc-stan.org/rstanarm/articles/priors for changes to default priors!
## - Default priors may change, so it's safest to specify priors, even if equivalent to the defaults.
## - For execution on a local, multicore CPU with excess RAM we recommend calling
## options(mc.cores = parallel::detectCores())
## As of 2020-05-20, some kind of mismatch btwn parallel and Rstudio causes a "freeze" when using multiple cores
## <https://github.com/rstudio/rstudio/issues/6692>
# options(mc.cores = min(4,
# parallel::detectCores() - 2))
options(mc.cores = 4)
## bayesplot makes itself the default theme
theme_set(theme_minimal())
library(tictoc)
library(assertthat)
##
## Attaching package: 'assertthat'
## The following object is masked from 'package:tibble':
##
## has_name
## Suppress messages when generating HTML file
knitr::opts_chunk$set(message = FALSE)
source('../R/predictions.R')
source('../R/posterior_estimates.R')
## Use command-line argument to check whether to force resampling
library(argparse)
parser = ArgumentParser()
parser$add_argument("-f", "--force",
action="store_true",
default=FALSE,
help="Force resampling the regression model")
args = parser$parse_args()
force_resampling = args$force
## Or uncomment the next line
# force_resampling = TRUE
data_folder = '../data/'
output_folder = '../output/04_'
paper_folder = '../paper/'
# cluster_distances = read_csv(str_c(data_folder,
# '00_k9distances_2019-03-15.csv')) %>%
# count(cluster = cluster, average_distance = avgDist) %>%
# mutate(cluster = as.character(cluster))
#
# ggplot(cluster_distances, aes(cluster, scale(average_distance))) +
# geom_label(aes(label = n, fill = n, size = n), color = 'white')
load(str_c(data_folder, '02_parsed.Rdata'))
## Programs with data validated in summer 2021
## 129
validated = read_excel(file.path(data_folder, '00_DataChecks2021APDA.xlsx')) |>
filter(`Placement Page?` == 1 | `Dissertation Records/ProQuest?` == 1)
univ_df = read_rds(str_c(data_folder, '03_univ_net_stats.rds'))
individual_df = individual_df %>%
left_join(univ_df, by = c('placing_univ_id' = 'univ_id')) %>%
filter(placing_univ_id %in% validated$`University ID`) %>%
## Use the canonical names from univ_df
select(-placing_univ) %>%
## Drop NAs
# filter(complete.cases(.))
filter_at(vars('permanent', 'aos_category',
'graduation_year', 'prestige',
'community', 'cluster_label',
'gender', 'frac_w',
'frac_high_prestige', 'total_placements'),
all_vars(negate(is.na)(.))) %>%
rename(cluster = cluster_label) %>%
mutate(perc_w = 100*frac_w,
perc_high_prestige = 100*frac_high_prestige)
individual_df
## Variables to consider: aos_category; graduation_year; placement_year; prestige; out_centrality; cluster; community; placing_univ_id; gender; country; perc_w; total_placements
## Overall permanent placement rate
count(individual_df, permanent) %>%
mutate(share = n / sum(n))
## Giant pairs plot/correlogram ----
## perc_high_prestige, out_centrality, and prestige are all tightly correlated
## All other pairs have low to moderate correlation
individual_df %>%
select(permanent, aos_category, aos_diversity, perc_high_prestige,
graduation_year, placement_year, prestige,
in_centrality, out_centrality, #community,
cluster, #average_distance,
gender, country, perc_w,
total_placements) %>%
mutate_if(negate(is.numeric), function(x) as.integer(as.factor(x))) %>%
mutate_at(vars(in_centrality, out_centrality), log10) %>%
# GGally::ggpairs()
cor() %>%
as_tibble(rownames = 'Var1') %>%
gather(key = 'Var2', value = 'cor', -Var1) %>%
ggplot(aes(Var1, Var2, fill = cor)) +
geom_tile() +
geom_text(aes(label = round(cor, digits = 2)),
color = 'white') +
scale_fill_gradient2()
## No indication that AOS diversity has any effect
ggplot(individual_df, aes(aos_diversity, 1*permanent)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = 'loess')
## And not for fraction of PhDs awarded to women women, either
ggplot(individual_df, aes(frac_w, 1*permanent)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = 'loess')
## Descriptive statistics ----
## Individual-level variables (all discrete)
desc_1_plot = individual_df %>%
select(permanent, aos_category,
graduation_year, placement_year,
gender) %>%
gather(key = variable, value = value) %>%
count(variable, value) %>%
mutate(variable = str_replace_all(variable, '_', ' ')) %>%
ggplot(aes(fct_rev(value), n, group = variable)) +
geom_col(aes(fill = variable), show.legend = FALSE) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = 'Set1') +
xlab('') +
coord_flip() +
facet_wrap(vars(variable), scales = 'free', ncol = 3)
## Warning: attributes are not identical across measure variables;
## they will be dropped
desc_1_plot
ggsave(str_c(output_folder, 'descriptive_1.png'),
desc_1_plot,
height = 2*2, width = 2*3, scale = 1.5)
## Program-level categorical
desc_2_plot = individual_df %>%
select(prestige, country,
#community,
cluster) %>%
gather(key = variable, value = value) %>%
count(variable, value) %>%
ggplot(aes(fct_rev(value), n, group = variable)) +
geom_col(aes(fill = variable), show.legend = FALSE) +
scale_fill_viridis_d() +
xlab('') +
coord_flip() +
facet_wrap(vars(variable), scales = 'free', ncol = 3)
desc_2_plot
ggsave(str_c(output_folder, 'descriptive_2.png'),
desc_2_plot,
height = 1*2, width = 2*2, scale = 1.5)
## Program-level continuous variables
# individual_df %>%
# select(frac_w, total_placements, perm_placement_rate) %>%
# gather(key = variable, value = value) %>%
# group_by(variable) %>%
# summarize_at(vars(value),
# funs(min, max, mean, median, sd),
# na.rm = TRUE)
program_cont = individual_df %>%
mutate(in_centrality = log10(in_centrality)) %>%
select(`women share` = frac_w,
`total placements` = total_placements,
`permanent placement rate` = perm_placement_rate,
`AOS diversity (bits)` = aos_diversity,
`hiring centrality (log10)` = in_centrality) %>%
gather(key = variable, value = value)
desc_3_plot = ggplot(program_cont, aes(value)) +
geom_density() +
geom_rug() +
geom_vline(data = {program_cont %>%
group_by(variable) %>%
summarize(mean = mean(value))},
aes(xintercept = mean,
color = 'mean')) +
geom_vline(data = {program_cont %>%
group_by(variable) %>%
summarize(median = median(value))},
aes(xintercept = median,
color = 'median')) +
scale_color_brewer(palette = 'Set1',
name = 'summary\nstatistic') +
facet_wrap(~ variable, scales = 'free', ncol = 3) +
theme(legend.position = 'bottom')
desc_3_plot
ggsave(str_c(output_folder, 'descriptive_3.png'),
desc_3_plot,
height = 2*2, width = 2*3.5, scale = 1.5)
plot_grid(desc_1_plot,
desc_2_plot,
desc_3_plot,
align = 'v', axis = 'lr', ncol = 1,
labels = 'auto',
hjust = -7
)
ggsave(str_c(output_folder, 'descriptive.png'),
height = 4*3, width = 3*3, scale = 1)
ggsave(str_c(paper_folder, 'fig_descriptive.png'),
height = 4*3, width = 3*3, scale = 1)
## Model -----
model_file = str_c(data_folder, '04_model.Rds')
if (!file.exists(model_file) || force_resampling) {
## ~700 seconds
tic()
model = individual_df %>%
mutate(prestige = fct_relevel(prestige, 'low-prestige'),
country = fct_relevel(country, 'U.S.')) %>%
stan_glmer(formula = permanent ~
(1|aos_category) +
gender +
(1|graduation_year) +
(1|placement_year) +
1 +
aos_diversity +
# (1|community) +
(1|cluster) +
# average_distance +
log10(in_centrality) +
total_placements +
perc_w +
country +
prestige,
family = 'binomial',
## Priors
## Constant and coefficients
prior_intercept = cauchy(0, 2/3, autoscale = TRUE), ## constant term + random intercepts
prior = cauchy(0, 2/3, autoscale = TRUE),
## error sd
prior_aux = cauchy(0, 2/3, autoscale = TRUE),
## random effects covariance
prior_covariance = decov(regularization = 1,
concentration = 1,
shape = 1, scale = 1),
seed = 1159518215,
adapt_delta = .99,
chains = 4, iter = 4000)
toc()
write_rds(model, model_file)
} else {
model = read_rds(model_file)
}
prior_summary(model)
## Priors for model 'model'
## ------
## Intercept (after predictors centered)
## ~ cauchy(location = 0, scale = 0.67)
##
## Coefficients
## Specified prior:
## ~ cauchy(location = [0,0,0,...], scale = [0.67,0.67,0.67,...])
## Adjusted prior:
## ~ cauchy(location = [0,0,0,...], scale = [ 1.46,10.61, 1.74,...])
##
## Covariance
## ~ decov(reg. = 1, conc. = 1, shape = 1, scale = 1)
## ------
## See help('prior_summary.stanreg') for more details
## Check ESS and Rhat
## Rhats all look good. ESS a little low for grad years + some sigmas
model %>%
summary() %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column('parameter') %>%
select(parameter, n_eff, Rhat) %>%
# knitr::kable()
ggplot(aes(n_eff, Rhat, label = parameter)) +
geom_point() +
geom_vline(xintercept = 3000) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 1.01)
if (require(plotly)) {
plotly::ggplotly()
}
## Variables w/ fewer than 3000 effective draws
## covariance on random intercepts; log posterior
model %>%
summary() %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rownames_to_column('parameter') %>%
as_tibble() %>%
filter(n_eff < 3000) %>%
select(parameter, n_eff)
## Check predictions
pp_check(model, nreps = 200)
pp_check(model, nreps = 200, plotfun = 'ppc_bars')
## <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.01311.pdf>
pp_check(model, nreps = 200, plotfun = 'ppc_rootogram')
pp_check(model, nreps = 200, plotfun = 'ppc_rootogram',
style = 'hanging')
## 90% HPD posterior intervals
estimates = posterior_estimates(model, prob = .9)
estimates
## Estimates plot
estimates %>%
filter(entity != 'intercept',
group != 'community',
group != 'placement_year',
term != 'gendero') %>%
## posterior_estimates() already exponentiates estimates
mutate_if(is.numeric, ~ . - 1) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = level, y = estimate,
ymin = conf.low, ymax = conf.high,
color = group)) +
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, linetype = 'dashed') +
geom_pointrange(size = 1.5, fatten = 1.5) +
scale_color_viridis_d(name = 'covariate\ngroup') +
xlab('') + #ylab('') +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(),
name = '') +
coord_flip(ylim = c(-1, 1.75)) +
facet_wrap(~ entity, scales = 'free') +
theme(legend.position = 'bottom')
ggsave(str_c(output_folder, 'estimates.png'),
width = 6, height = 4,
scale = 1.5)
ggsave(str_c(paper_folder, 'fig_reg_estimates.png'),
width = 6, height = 4,
scale = 1.5)
estimates %>%
filter(entity != 'intercept',
group != 'community',
group != 'placement_year') %>%
select(group, level, estimate, conf.low, conf.high) %>%
mutate_if(is.factor, as.character) %>%
arrange(group, level) %>%
knitr::kable(format = 'latex',
digits = 2,
booktabs = TRUE,
label = 'estimates',
caption = 'Estimated regression coefficients. Lower and upper columns give the left and right endpoints, respectively, of the centered 90\\% posterior intervals.') %>%
write_file(path = str_c(output_folder, 'estimates.tex'))
## Warning: The `path` argument of `write_file()` is deprecated as of readr 1.4.0.
## Please use the `file` argument instead.
## Marginal effects for gender and prestige ----
## <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45037485/calculating-marginal-effects-in-binomial-logit-using-rstanarm>
marginals = function (dataf, model, variable,
ref_value = 0L,
alt_value = 1L) {
variable = enquo(variable)
all_0 = mutate(dataf, !!variable := ref_value)
all_1 = mutate(dataf, !!variable := alt_value)
pred_0 = posterior_epred(model, newdata = all_0)
pred_1 = posterior_epred(model, newdata = all_1)
marginal_effect = pred_1 - pred_0
return(marginal_effect)
}
marginals_gender = individual_df %>%
## posterior_linpred raises an error when there are any NAs, even in columns that aren't used by the model
select(-city, -state) %>%
marginals(model, gender,
ref_value = 'm',
alt_value = 'w')
apply(marginals_gender, 1, mean) %>%
quantile(probs = c(.05, .5, .95))
## 5% 50% 95%
## 0.1016608 0.1341106 0.1656972
# 5% 50% 95%
# 0.06387576 0.10352822 0.14303032
marginals_prestige = individual_df %>%
select(-city, -state) %>%
marginals(model, prestige, 'low-prestige', 'high-prestige')
apply(marginals_prestige, 1, mean) %>%
quantile(probs = c(.05, .5, .95))
## 5% 50% 95%
## 0.07131573 0.10708859 0.14312563
# 5% 50% 95%
# 0.07601945 0.11718961 0.15762968
marginals_canada = individual_df %>%
select(-city, -state) %>%
marginals(model, country, 'U.S.', 'Canada') %>%
apply(1, mean) %>%
quantile(probs = c(.05, .5, .95))
marginals_canada
## 5% 50% 95%
## -0.22438992 -0.16013292 -0.09444002
## Schools in certain communities ----
# comms_of_interest = c(3, 5, 12, 37, 54,
# 8, 27, 38, 43) %>%
# as.character()
#
# univ_df %>%
# filter(community %in% comms_of_interest,
# total_placements > 0) %>%
# select(community, name = univ_name,
# total_placements, perm_placement_rate) %>%
# mutate(community = fct_relevel(community, comms_of_interest),
# perm_placement_rate = scales::percent_format()(perm_placement_rate)) %>%
# arrange(community, name) %>%
# knitr::kable(format = 'latex',
# # digits = 2,
# booktabs = TRUE,
# label = 'comms',
# caption = 'Universities in selected topological communities. Only universities with at least 1 placement in the data are shown.') %>%
# write_file(path = str_c(output_folder, 'comms.tex'))
## Reproducibility ----
sessionInfo()
## R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)
## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit)
## Running under: macOS Big Sur 10.16
##
## Matrix products: default
## BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/lib/libRblas.dylib
## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
##
## locale:
## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] plotly_4.9.4.1 argparse_2.0.4 assertthat_0.2.1 tictoc_1.0.1
## [5] rstanarm_2.21.1 Rcpp_1.0.7 broom_0.7.9 cowplot_1.1.1
## [9] readxl_1.3.1 tidylog_1.0.2 forcats_0.5.1 stringr_1.4.0
## [13] dplyr_1.0.7 purrr_0.3.4 readr_2.0.1 tidyr_1.1.4
## [17] tibble_3.1.5 ggplot2_3.3.5 tidyverse_1.3.1
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] backports_1.2.1 plyr_1.8.6 igraph_1.2.6
## [4] lazyeval_0.2.2 splines_4.1.0 findpython_1.0.7
## [7] crosstalk_1.1.1 rstantools_2.1.1 inline_0.3.19
## [10] digest_0.6.27 htmltools_0.5.2 rsconnect_0.8.24
## [13] fansi_0.5.0 magrittr_2.0.1 tzdb_0.1.2
## [16] modelr_0.1.8 RcppParallel_5.1.4 matrixStats_0.60.0
## [19] xts_0.12.1 prettyunits_1.1.1 colorspace_2.0-2
## [22] rvest_1.0.1 haven_2.4.1 xfun_0.24
## [25] callr_3.7.0 crayon_1.4.1 jsonlite_1.7.2
## [28] lme4_1.1-27.1 survival_3.2-11 zoo_1.8-9
## [31] glue_1.4.2 gtable_0.3.0 V8_3.4.2
## [34] pkgbuild_1.2.0 rstan_2.21.2 scales_1.1.1
## [37] DBI_1.1.1 miniUI_0.1.1.1 viridisLite_0.4.0
## [40] xtable_1.8-4 clisymbols_1.2.0 stats4_4.1.0
## [43] StanHeaders_2.21.0-7 DT_0.19 htmlwidgets_1.5.4
## [46] httr_1.4.2 threejs_0.3.3 RColorBrewer_1.1-2
## [49] ellipsis_0.3.2 pkgconfig_2.0.3 loo_2.4.1
## [52] farver_2.1.0 sass_0.4.0 dbplyr_2.1.1
## [55] utf8_1.2.2 tidyselect_1.1.1 labeling_0.4.2
## [58] rlang_0.4.11 reshape2_1.4.4 later_1.3.0
## [61] munsell_0.5.0 cellranger_1.1.0 tools_4.1.0
## [64] cli_3.0.1 generics_0.1.0 ggridges_0.5.3
## [67] evaluate_0.14 fastmap_1.1.0 yaml_2.2.1
## [70] processx_3.5.2 knitr_1.33 fs_1.5.0
## [73] nlme_3.1-152 mime_0.11 xml2_1.3.2
## [76] compiler_4.1.0 bayesplot_1.8.1 shinythemes_1.2.0
## [79] rstudioapi_0.13 curl_4.3.2 reprex_2.0.0
## [82] bslib_0.3.0 stringi_1.7.4 highr_0.9
## [85] ps_1.6.0 lattice_0.20-44 Matrix_1.3-4
## [88] nloptr_1.2.2.2 markdown_1.1 shinyjs_2.0.0
## [91] vctrs_0.3.8 pillar_1.6.3 lifecycle_1.0.1
## [94] jquerylib_0.1.4 data.table_1.14.0 httpuv_1.6.3
## [97] R6_2.5.1 promises_1.2.0.1 gridExtra_2.3
## [100] codetools_0.2-18 boot_1.3-28 colourpicker_1.1.0
## [103] MASS_7.3-54 gtools_3.9.2 withr_2.4.2
## [106] shinystan_2.5.0 broom.mixed_0.2.7 mgcv_1.8-36
## [109] parallel_4.1.0 hms_1.1.0 grid_4.1.0
## [112] coda_0.19-4 minqa_1.2.4 rmarkdown_2.9
## [115] shiny_1.6.0 lubridate_1.7.10 base64enc_0.1-3
## [118] dygraphs_1.1.1.6